Globalization of an Industrial Hygiene Program Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Again, this is not a one-time implemented type of standards. This is something that must be continuously applied and kept to protect not only the company s name but the people who work behind it. This policy is a continuous assessment for a continuous enhancement. Again, this is not a one-time implemented type of standards. This is something that must be continuously applied and kept to protect not only the company s name but the people who work behind it. This policy is a continuous assessment for a continuous enhancement. To further show the importance of Industrial Hygiene, let us see how it affects the steel plant environment. The basic situation is that there is a huge cost of illness per claim in this industry. In 2001, the average cost for an occupational noise-induced hearing loss was $14,000. For the respiratory system related pneumoconiosis, the per-claim loss was $115,000. For an occupational skin disorder, the per-claim loss averaged $5,300. These average costs do no t include the possible related compliance penalties from regulatory agencies, the loss in production time, the loss in quality or the loss due to a reduction in team morale. (Safety First, 2009)In this Safety First publication, we can learn that chemical hazards take a lot of different forms and cause a lot of different sicknesses in the most basic and highest stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization of an Industrial Hygiene Program or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The distinction between toxicity and hazard is an important one in assessing the workplace environment. The toxicity of a substance describes the nature, degree, and extent of undesirable effects. Toxicity is a basic biological property of a material and reflects its inherent capacity to produce injury. Hazard describes the likelihood of this toxicity to occur (Safety First, 2009). With this definition, we understand that the primary work of the health administration is to look into the physical and chemical properties of all the machinery and materials that the workers use.

Causes of Smoking Habit Among Teenagers - 1621 Words

Causes of Smoking habit among Teenagers Regina Jane A. Ancheta Math11FA1 Prof. Dangla Hypothesis: Chapter 1: Introduction Each year a great amount of money are being wasted in smoking. Although it is quite obvious that smoking habit is dangerous and injurious to health but still a larger number of people especially teenagers attracting and getting involved in smoking habit day by day. Some reasons of this addiction are obvious such as influence of friends or community member as teenage is an enjoyable period of life span which offers all delights, it can be positive or negative as well. Some teen do experimental smoking just for taste in friends gathering but this experience enters in their life as a regular experiment. The†¦show more content†¦Nicotine brings up a level of good feelings. Cigarette smokers are aware when nicotine levels and good feelings begin to decrease and light up quickly enough to stay in their personal comfort zone. However, they may not realize that avoiding their feelings is not the same as taking positive steps to create a life of greater potent ial and meaning. Foreign Studies By: Erica Roth Smoking is an addiction that can lead to very serious health threats, including lung disease, cancer and stroke. The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Children reports startling statistics regarding teen smoking: Every year more than 300,000 kids under the age of 18 start smoking. Approximately 30 percent of these new adolescent smokers will die from smoking-related causes. Understanding the influences that cause teens to smoke may help parents find a way to approach their teens so that they wont want to begin the habit. Peer Pressure As a part of teens everyday lives, peer pressure can be a strong influence when it comes to smoking that first cigarette. MayoClinic.com advises parents to expect that your child will be exposed to friends who smoke and who encourage your child to join in. Initiating a conversation about how to deal with the pressure to use tobacco products, alcohol or engage in other risky behavior can prepare your child for situations in which youd like him to say no. An interesting fact regarding peer pressure and smoking is related by theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Smoking Trends Among Teenagers1066 Words   |  5 Pages Cigarette smoking is a habit that kills approximately million of people per year. It is surprisingly being picked up by myriad amount of children every day. Smoking becomes a growing trend in the youth community. The number of young smokers have been increased in most American middle schools and high schools. Both girls and boys are smoking because they think it is cool. The four reasons that cause many teenagers to start smoking are peer-pressure, image projection, rebellion, and adult aspirationsRead MoreTeenage Addiction to Smoking1498 Words   |  6 Pagesof time society has battled the causes of addiction. 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The most obvious problem of underageRead MoreTobacco Companies Using Advertising Tactics That Target Teenagers1487 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies should be prevented from using advertising tactics that target teenagers. There has always been controversy as to how tobacco companies should prevent using advertising tactics to target teenagers. As controversial as this is tobacco companies shouldn’t advertise teen smoking. Many teens may be lured to believe cigarette advertising because it has been part of the American Culture for years, magazine ads and the media target young people, and these companies receive a drastic increaseRead MoreLung Cancer930 Words   |  4 Pageslung cancer is not just a disease; it can act as a magnifying glass; many social problems and goodness of society can be revealed through the causes of lung cancer. Lung cancer is formed when the cells of the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way, this creates a lump or a tumor which can either be malig nant or benign. 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Despite the warnings given by doctors about the ill-effects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and puffing away. Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make them

The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse free essay sample

After Lincolns death in 1865 the railroad production went up and by the 1900s it had gone up by at least 192,556 miles * In 1862 congress began to advance liberal money loans to 2 favored cross continent companies and gave them a lot of acres paralleling the tracks. Washington gave the railroads 155,504,994 acres the western states contributed 49 million more. * Land grants to railroads were made in broad belts along the proposed route. They were allowed to choose alternate mile square sections in checker board fashion, but until they determined the precise location some railroads were withheld all the land from other users. * In 1887 president Grover Cleveland ended this and threw open to settlement the unclaimed public land. * The government received beneficial returns like: long term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic, granting land was also a cheap way to subsidize a much desired transportation system because it avoided new taxes for direct cash grants. We will write a custom essay sample on The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Where there were railroads there was towns, people and money. Were there weren’t there was none and would be considered a ghost town. Spanning the Continent with Rails * In 1850 deadlock the transcontinental railroad when the south seceded leaving the field to the north. * In 1862 congress made the pacific coast bind to California. * For each mile of track constructed the company was granted 20 sq. miles of land alternating 640 acre sections on either side of the track. For each loan they were to receive a federal loan of 16,000 on prairie land to 48,000 for mountainous land. The construction of rails began after the civil war ended in 1865; this gave power to the â€Å"groundhog† promoters. * Hells on wheels- where railroad workers tried to find relaxation and conviviality in their tented towns. * Big four- the chief financial backers of the enterprise, which included Leland Stanford of California and Collis P. Huntington although they had lots of money they stayed clean by not becoming involved in the bribery of congress men. * Central pacific used Chinese workers and they received the same incentive as the union pacific. They had to work with the Sierra Nevada while the union pacific got the open plains. In 1869 at Ogden Utah the pacific built more rail than the central by 1,086 to 689 mil. Binding th e Country with Railroad Ties * Before the centuries end (1900s) 4 other transcontinental railroad were built they were known as : 1. The northern pacific railroad(1883)- from lake superior to Puget sound 2. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe(1884)- from southwest deserts to California 3. The southern pacific(1884)- from new Orleans to san Francisco 4. The great northern (1893) from Duluth to Seattle, created by James J. Hill probably the greatest railroad builder of all. * A lot of pioneers bought lots of land but then the land becomes more then they originally thought and this made a lot of banks go bankrupt. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization * Cornelius Vanderbilt helped to popularize the steel rail, replacing the old iron tracks. * The Westinghouse air brake- adopted in the 1870s * The Pullman palace cars- 1860s, but they considered this â€Å"cars† dangerous bc they had kerosene lamps.

Crypography Essay Example For Students

Crypography Essay Cryptography is way you can keep information secure. A person who does not know themethod used to change the information to keep it secure cannot copy the method used or reverse the change. The basic components of cryptographic systems are used to encipher (scramble) information so that it is difficult to determine the meaning without the appropriate key or key(s) to decipher (unscramble) the information. The components include cryptographic algorithms (mathematical functions) for enciphering or deciphering information and keys. Symmetric and asymmetric are two examples of cryptographic systems. Symmetric systems use the same key to encipher and decipher. Asymmetric systemsgenerate and use different keys to encipher and decipher a secure key pair. With this key pair, consisting of a public key and a private key, only one key can decipher what the other enciphers. Merely knowing one key does not make it very likely that someone will be able to figure out the other key. Asymmetric key pairs are used in creating digital signatures and transporting symmetric keys. In the past, most encryption systems only used symmetric cryptography. The problem with symmetric cryptography though, is the difficulty encountered in distributing keys to certain people. Since symmetric cryptography uses the same key for enciphering and deciphering, a person has to use creative and difficult means to prevent someone from intercepting the key. If a third party were to intercept the key, they could use it to decipher anything it was used to encipher. A solution to this problem is public key cryptography which uses asymmetric cryptography to transport symmetric keys. In such a system, a recipients public key is used to encipher a symmetric key. Once enciphered, the symmetric key can only be easily deciphered using the corresponding private key. Keys can be of varying length, typically from 128-bits to over 2000-bits. Obviously, the larger the key, the more secure the information youre encrypting. Category: Technology

A Comparison And Contrast Of Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness E

A Comparison And Contrast Of Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness E A Comparison and Contrast of Lord of the Flies and Heart of Darkness Achebe uses positive tone in his description of the African jungle; whereas, Conrad makes use of negative connotations. Their portrayals of the jungle reflect their attitudes toward their subject; Achebe sees it as a hospitable home whereas Conrad sees a tragic trap. Conrad utilizes words with negative connotations, such as Arioted, Amob, Avengeful, and Agloom to portray the jungle as an inauspicious place. He makes use of diction such as, "Whether it meant war, peace, or prayer we could not tell..." to further portray the jungle as an Aunknown planet," a place of hostile unfamiliarity. Conrad feels the "white man's burden" as, "...an accursed inheritance, to be subdued..." Marlow's ignorance of his surroundings is exemplified as he asks, "The prehistoric man was cursing us, praying to us, welcoming us who could tell?" Marlow is simultaneously frightened and baffled by this man. His attitude is one of disgust. Achebe uses positive connotations and imagery: "The sun rose slowly to the center of the sky..." "...a peaceful dance..." "...taking one of the titles of his clan, with music and dancing and a great feast." to depict the jungle as a lively, animated, and supportive dwelling. His images of "The sun breaking through..." contrast heavily with Conrad's dark and gloomy imagery. Conrad is more biased from the beginning against the African people, seeing them as an extension of the "impenetrable forest" where his character Marlow is, "...cut off for ever from everything you had know once... "[sic] Marlow's jungle is one of, Aplants, and water, and silence." These images lend themselves to the British impression of Africa as an "uncivilized" place. Achebe's "...music and dancing and a great feast..." are a "...roll of drums behind a curtain of trees...hovering high over our heads..." to Conrad. Achebe's feast is a pleasant image of celebration, whereas Conrad's hovering trees call up images of a guillotine. Conrad's view of the jungle is fatalistic; it reflects his view of the African jungle and with it, African human nature that he sees as an uncivilized place to be subdued and conquered. Achebe feels that the jungle is a peaceful place filled with familiar sights and sounds. In light of the question, the authors' tones shed different lights on the same jungle. Morgan Glines Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness November 16, 1996

Infant Toddler Development Essays

Infant Toddler Development Essays Infant Toddler Development Paper Infant Toddler Development Paper 1 Definition of infancy period between birth and 12-18 months, when baby begins to talk 1 Definition of toddler infants between 18 and 36 months 1 Maturationist believes babies develop acc. To genes 1 empiricists believe babies develop based on experience (Lockes tabla rasa) 1 nativist believe babies come equipped with inborn feelings, ideas, traits 1 transactional perspective nature AND nurture believes babies develop based both on biology and social interactions 1 cephalocaudal perspective development proceeds from head to foot 1 proximodistal principle development proceeds from center of body to outer extremeties 1 Six categories of Child Development Theories 1) Nativistic/maturational 2) Behavioral 3) Psychoanalytic 4) Cognitive 5) Social contextual 6) Developmental systems theories 1 Methods of studying infants 1) Habituation-Dishabituation/Novelty, 2) Visual Preference Technique 3) Violation of Expectation Method 4) Physiological Repsonses 5) Facial Expressions 6) Parent Reports 7)Nonnutritive Sucking 1 Developmental Assessment Instruments Denver II, Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP) 2 Order of stages of an infant (names of the cell clusters) zygote,morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus 2 Percentage of pregnancies that result in miscarriage, and when 50% of pregnancies, usually within the 1st 3 weeks 2 Length of prenatal period 266 days or 38 weeks 2 gestational age from 1st day of last menstrual period (280 days, or 40 weeks) 2 zygote newly fertilized egg. 2 where does the zygote travel? it gets fertilized in the fallopian tubes and travels in the tubes towards the uterus 2 within 36 hours, the zygote does this it divides into 2 cells within 36 hours of fertilization 2 morula what the zygote becomes after dividing into 12-16 cells, knobby looking 2 blastocyst how many days old? four days old, 58 cells 2 What does the blastocyst do during its existence? it floats free in the uterus 2-3 days, then on 6th day attaches to lining of uterus. Enzymes break down cells to help it attach. Enzymes stop on 10th day. 13th or 14th day, implantation has healed over in scarlike cyst. 2 percentage of ertilized ova that fail to attach to uterus 30-50% of ova fail to do this 2 placental previa blastocyst implants in extreme lower region of uterus, DANGEROUS 2 cervical pregnancy blastocyst implants in cervix; usu. Results in spontaneous abortion 2 ectopic pregnancy blastocyst implants outside the uterus; usu. Causes excessive bleeding and spontaneous abortion 2 embryo define, and how old? when blasocyst has developed cells called embryonic disk, it becomes an embryo (around 14th day) 2 embryonic disk group of cells inside blastocyst (now an embryo) that composes the beginning of major structures of the body 2 gastrulation development of the body form, beginning with the formation of 3 germ layers 2 germ layers how many and why? 3 germ layers, form through gastrulation, will become major body structures (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) 2 ectoderm germ layer in embryo that will form nervous system, backbone, skin, hair, nails, parts of eyes and ears 2 endoderm germ layer in embryo that will form digestive tract, respiratory system, liver, glands 2 mesoderm germ layer in embryo that will form circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems, skeleton, muscles, connecting tissues 2 chorion outer layer of the embryo, around 3 weeks; one side attached to uterus, and later develops into placenta; other side has cavity that will form the amniotic sac 2 placenta develops from chorion, it is the link between mother and child, exchanges all nutrients, waste products, oxygen, hormones, etc. 2 umbilical cord how long and thick? links uterus to embryo; at full term, is 1/2 to 3/4 inches thick and 20-24 inches long 2 How often is fluid in amnotic sac replaced? the fluid is changed every 3 hours through the placenta 2 secondary yolk sac (first yolk sac disappears) this one transfers nutrients to embryo before placental connection is made 2 neurulation ectoderm folds over to make neural tube; nervous system begins to develop 2 primitive spinal cord is formed when? by 9th or 10th week 2 what do neurons do, and until when? they migrate until the 28th week 2 what is th most critical period for brain development? between the 3rd and 16th week is most critical 2 when will the embryos tail disappear? it disappears around the 8th week 2 when does the embryo has facial features? by 6 weeks 2 somites the foundations of skeleton, appear as tiny buds around 8th week 2 when do teeth start forming? they start forming around the 12th prenatal week 2 when do kidneys and urinary tract develop they develop by aound the 4th and 5th weeks 2 when does heart begin to flutter? it begins to flutter around the 3rd week (21st day) 2 fetus when do we start calling it this? we start calling it this name around the 9th week (end of 8th) 2 What is the length of the fetal period? (what to what week? this period is 9-20 prenatal weeks 2 vernix caseosa and lanugo what are they, and during what prenatal period do they appear? one is a waxy cheeselike covering of the skin and the other is downlike hairs; during fetal period, around 17-20 weeks 2 Klinefelter Syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; male child is born with two X chromosomes, and one Y; males later develop breasts, small testes, sparse pubic and facial hair, low IQ 2 Turner syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; infant has only 1 X chromosome; delayed growth, webbed neck, ovaries do not function, normal intelligence, visual-perceptial problems 2 cri du chat syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; unusual facial features, reduced head and brain size, heart disease, severe mental disabilities 2 Huntingtons chorea a single gene disorder; a progressive degeneration of the nervous system 2 single gene disorder examples examples include dwarfism, glaucoma, Huntingtons chorea, PKU (phenylketonuria; cant digest amino acids in milk), cycstic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia 2 what is the most common form of prenatal assessment (maternal blood tests, ultrasound, or amniocentesis)? ultrasound is the most common form of this 3 What parecentage of babies are born within 2 weeks of their due date (280 days gestation)? 95% of babies are born at this time 3 What percentage of babies are born in the head-first position? 96% of babies are born in this position 3 what is breech position? this is when baby is born with butt, feet, or knees first 3 what is frank breech position? when baby is born butt first, feet extended straight up past ears 3 What is the most difficult phase of delivery called? The transition phase (contractions are very close together and very strong) 3 How wide is a fully dilated cervix? 8 inches (normally it is the width of a pencil) 3 What is the Leboyer method? it involves controlling te birth environment (warm, quiet room, dim lights, gently handled baby, massaged on mothers belly, baby put in warm water) 3 couvade fathers in the northwest Amazon hold magical beliefs about childbirth, mimic symptoms and delivery 3 neonatal period/infancy length? usu. 2 weeks, or up to 4-6 weeks 3 meconium black, semisolid poo of newborn 3 Name the 6 states of arousal (Wolff 1966) 1) Regular sleep/quiet sleep (non REM) 2)Irregular sleep/active sleep (REM) 3)Drowsiness 4)Alert inactivity (quiet alert) 5) Waking activity (bursts of vigorous movement) 6) Crying 3 Regular sleep is also called: quiet sleep 3 Irregular sleep is also called: active sleep 3 Alert inactivity is also called quiet alert 3 What are the 3 leading causes of infant death in the first year? Congenital abnormalities, prematurity/low birthweight, SIDS 3 What is low birth weight? (under what weight?) under 5 1/2 lbs 3 What is considered full-term birth? (between what weeks?) between 37 and 42 weeks 3 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the most common cause of death of pre-term infants; babies have incomplete lungs and not enough surfectant 3 What does APGAR stand for? Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiratory Effort 4 What is HGH and why is it important? It is Human Growth Hormone and it is important for growth after the baby is born. Growth may be stunted if deficient (GHD = Growth hormone deficiency) 4 By what month is babys growth doubled (after birth)? Babys weight doubles by 4 or 5 months 4 When is babys weight tripled? It triples by 1 year 4 What is the average birthweight (females, males)? Females average 7 1/2 lbs, males 7 3/4 lbs 4 What is average birth length? (females, males) females average 19 1/2 inches, males 19 3/4 inches 4 BMI how do you calculate it for babies? BMI = pounds divided by inches divided by inches x 703 (average BMI for 3 year old is 15.7) 4 Fontanels wide sections of cartilage that hold together the eight pieces of bone on the infants skull; AKA soft spots 4 When do teeth start to come in? (roughly) normally around 8 months, sometimes earlier =-) 4 When does baby have all 20 teeth cut? around 30-36 months 4 At birth, what percentage has brain grown to? brain is around 25% of full size at birth 4 at 6 months, babys brain is what percentage of full size? at 6 months, babys brain is 50% of adult weight 4 At what prenatal week does baby have a complete set of neurons? at the 20th week, baby has the full 80 million 5 When are babys immunities from mom mostly gone? They are gone by 6-12 months of age 5 otitis media middle ear infection 85% of kids in U.S. have one before age 3 5 what may be a cause of colic? possibly allergic reaction to protein in formula or allergens in breast milk; OR maybe IBS or reflux 5 What is the chance of mother infecting baby with AIDS/HIV? the chance of mother-baby infection is 20-25% 5 What is the leading cause of death for infants ages 6-12 months of age? maltreatment is the leading cause of death in this age group 5 What are the 2 most common forms of maltreatment of babies? the two most common forms are neglect and physical abuse 5 What are the top 3 causes of unintentional infant death? 1) Motor vehicle 2) drowning 3) fires/burns 5 Can AIDS be transmitted through breast milk? Yes, it can be transmitted 5 What age do Americans typically wean their babies? around 1 year (67%) 5 Kwashiorkor malnutrition caused by lack of protein; results in swollen belly, little muscle tissue, loss of hair, lethargy 5 Marasmus malnutrition caused by lack of calories (essentially, starvation); can cause chronic diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, apathy 6 maturation theory theory that children can be taught early, but others who are not taught will catch up easily due to maturation 6 dynamic systems approach a theory that compromises between maturation theory and learning; body systems must work together for baby to accomplish tasks (i.e. walking) 6 Moro reflex baby stretches arms out and brings together in hugging motion, in response to sudden noise or drop (disappears by 3 or 4 months 6 Babinski reflex big toe goes up while other toes go down, in response to tickle on bottom of foot (12-16 months) 6 tonic neck reflex reflex where one side of body is dominant, one arm and leg are extended in direction of which way head is facing (fades out 4th month) 6 stepping reflex rhythmic steps when feet touch flat surface (gone by 5 months) 6 Reflex must disappear before†¦ †¦before voluntary motor movement can be established 6 Two stages of Fine Motor Development 1) prereaching (swatting for things in visual field) 2) Visually Directed reaching (locate item with eyes first) 6 prehension grasping object between fingers and thumb 6 when does baby learn to use thumb for grasping? around 9 months 6 when can baby sit up alone? (roughly) around 6-7 months 6 when do average infants begin to crawl? around 7 months 6 when do babies creep? around 9 months 6 when do babies walk? around 12 months 6 when do babies stand? around 8-10 months 6 cruising walking sideways, using furniture to hold oneself up 6 when do babies run? around 18 months 6 what scale is used to measure motor movement? Bayley Scales of Infant Development II 7 can babies feel pain? of course!! More stress when given less anesthesia 7 haptic perception rubbing hands on surface of objects 7 what is the least-developed sense at birth? (hearing, smelling†¦ etc) vision is the least developed sense 7 when can babies see color about as well as adults? around 3 months, babies can see color as well 7 which do babies prefer more? Faces or patterns? they prefer faces more 7 when can babies discriminate between one or two objects from three (counting)? around 4-5 months 8 what are the two best predictors of IQ and language development later in life? home-environment quality and parent-infant interactions are the best predictors 8 Piagets theory believes that intelligence develops through what two kinds of influences? he believed it develops based on interaction between genetic and environmental (external) influences 8 scheme a basic pattern of action, thought, or knowledge 8 adaptation what is it the key to, according to? making changes in thought and actions to fit into new situations; Piaget believed it is the key to intellectual functioning 8 assimilation making the environment fit YOU 8 What two processes make up adaptation? Assimilation and accommodation 8 Accomodation making yourself fit the environment 8 what are Piagets basic stages? sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations, formal operations 8 sensorimotor period (age, how many stages) birth to 2 years, six stages 1)Exercising Reflex schemes, 2)primary circular reactions 3)secondary circular reactions 4) coordination of secondary circular reactions 5) Teritary Circular reactions 6)Invention of new Means through Mental Combinations 8 Acc. To Piaget, thought arises from†¦ †¦arises from action 8 Stage 1 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Exercising reflex schemes (Birth-1 month) sucking, looking, crying. Goal is to become efficient at reflexes to satisfy nutritive needs 8 Stage2 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) primary = centered in babies own body. Circular reaction: response that stimulates its own repetition (i.e. thumb sucking). Understands order of events (put in position to nurse, followed by nursing) basis for concept of time 8 Stage 3 Sensorimotor Secondary Circular reactions (4-8 months) secondary = based on events or objects outside the body, ie. kicking a mobile stimulates repetition of kicking, object permanence emerges 8 Stage 4 Sensorimotor Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months) schemes are flexible, can be generalized to more situations. Babies can solve simple problems or obstacles. Cause and Effect emerges. (i.e. moving pillow to get box) true imitation emerges (imitate actions they cant see themselves perform i.e. wrinkle nose 8 Stage 5 Sensorimotor Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) baby deliberately varies repetitive activities to produce new results. (curiosity and creativity) cause and effect is extended to other people. Babies seek to understand functions and properties of objects (i.e. weight) object permanence improves 8 Stage 6 Sensorimotor Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (18-24 months) ability to represent objects using mental images emerges. Invents solutions using mental schemes. 8 Vygotsky believed that these two things are critical factors in intellectual development: environment and social interactions 8 Vygotsky also believed this was central to shaping mental functioning: language 8 Sensorimotor play play through body movements that provide sensory pleasure; i.e. kicking, sucking, shaking, banging 8 double substitution the most sophisticated form of pretend (symbolic) play ie. stick is a doll (1) and bottle cap is cup the doll drinks from (2) 8 scaffolding (and who termed it?) Vygotsky termed it) tutoring, encouraging 9 When does private speech appear? around 30 months (2 1/2- 3 years) 9 phonology the sound features of speech and rules for their combination 9 phoneme basic, distinctive sounds used to form language 9 morphology the way sounds are combined to form words and other units of meaning 9 semantics the definitions of words and relations to other words (context) 9 Syntax the way words are combined to form sentences 9 pragmatics the practical functions of language and ways it is used to communicate 9 When does babbling emerge? 6 months 9 When does echolalia emerge? 9 months 9 when does first word emerge? 12 months 9 canonical babbling well-formed vowel and consonant combos, around 10 months (da da) 9 morpheme unit of meaning (ie. in choirboy, the words choir and boy are morphemes; also opened is open and ed) 9 age when vocabulary starts multiplying a lot: 18 -21 months (gain of 100 words) 9 word comprehension begins at age†¦ at 9-10 months (meaning of words like no) 9 age when babies start to put sentences together (2 words) 18 months 9 holophrases single words that are intended to mean a whole sentence (like ball means bring me the ball 9 two-word utterances what pattern do they follow? subject-verb Daddy eat! (not Eat Daddy!) 9 Three-word sentences appear at†¦ 2 to 2 1/2 years 9 Seven language functions: (Halliday) 1) Instrumental (I want) 2)Regulatory (do as I tell you) 3) Interactional (me and you) 4) Personal (Here I come) 5) Heuristic (exploring the environment) 6) Imaginative (Lets pretend) 7) Informative (Ive got something to tell you) 9 when do babies start the 7th funciton of language (informative) around 22 months 9 when does pointing gesture appear? 9-14 months 9 when do babies look at objects other people point to? 1 year 9 crib talk begins when? around 2-3 years 9 motherese special language mothers use to talk to their babies; baby talk (higher pitch, short, simplified words, slower pace, whispering, restriciton of topics to childs world 9 idioglossia private twin language, consisting of jargon and gestures 10 Freuds oral stage what ages, what bx? ages birth to 18 mo., baby must receive gratification throguh mouth (ie. sucking, feeding) or he/she will stay orally fixated 10 Freuds anal stage what ages, what bx? ages 18 mo. To 3 years; Baby must have a positive toilet training experience or he/she will remain anally fixated 10 Eriksons Trust Versus Mistrust ages? Char? ages Birth to 18 mo., baby must feel that the world is to be trusted, requires consistency and continuity, or baby will have difficulty separating from mother and have emotional problems later in life 10 Eriksons Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 18 mo. To 3 years; baby must explore environment on its own, must establish bowel control (like Freuds anal stage); parents should not be overpermissive or overrestrictive. If child feels incompetent or insecure, they cannot progress to next stage 10 What is required to advance through Eriksons stages? each stage represents a conflict; conflict must be resolved before personality can proceed smoothly to the next stage. 10 What are the 9 dimensions of personality? 1) Activity level 2)Rhythmicity (regularity of schedule, eating, sleeping) 3) Approach or withdrawal (to people, food) 4) Adaptability (to change) 5) Sensory threshold (level of stimulation to elicit a response) 6) Intensity of response 7) Quality of mood 8) Distractibility 9) Persistence of attention span 10 65% of babies fall into one of three categories of child: 1) Easy Child (regular schedule, positive mood, easy to comfort, 40% of babies) 2) Difficult Child (irregular body functions and routines, cry a lot, not adaptable (10% of babies) 3) Slow-to-Warm-Up Child (mild intensity of reactions, not easily adaptable, mild negative responses, eventually makes appropriate adjustments, and displays quiet interest and enjoyment, 15 % of babies) 10 goodness-of-fit when child and caregiver match each other in personality 10 self-recognition (in mirror) when does this begin? starting around 15-18 months 10 by this age, babies can distinguish between picture of themselves and picture of another baby around 2 years 10 verbal self when baby can refer to him/herself with verbal labels (I, me, my) 10 when do babies first use verbal self labels? (I, me, my) around 20-22 months (I is usu. First) 10 When do babies start using self-descriptive statements (like I play)? around 2 years 10 perceived personal effectance infants learn the extent to which they can control their world; a 1-year-old is less afraid of a scary toy when they can control the toy 10 theory of mind 1) others have thoughts and beliefs that may be different from mine 2) understand that others sometimes have false beliefs (like when playing hide-and-seek, mommy may think you are in the closet when youre not) 11 7 abilities of Social Competence 1) getting, holding adults attention 2) Expressing affection and annoyance appropriately 3) Using an adult as resource when task is too difficult 4) Showing pride of personal accomplishments 5) Engaging in role-play/make-believe 6) Leading and following peers 7) Competing with peers 11 First social smile appears when? 2-3 months 11 social laughter appears when? 3-4 months 11 Notices/interacts with peers when? 3-6 months 11 Plays peek-a-boo when? 5-8 months 11 shy with strangers when? 8-10 months, peaks at 12 months 11 endogenous smile triggered by changes of arousal in nervous system; not socially produced 11 exogenous smile triggered by stimuli outside of body, changes in nervous system produced by others, ie. babytalk or blowing on tummy 11 Whaleys 5 stages of adult-infant play 1) Complementary/Reciprocal Social Play (face-to-face, smiles, sounds, adult as object) 2) Complementary/Reciprocal Play with Manual Awareness (focus of play is object provided by adult) 3) Simple Social/Simple Object Play (7-13 months infant locates own objects, playthings, parallel play with peers 4) Object Play wtih Mutual Regard (13-18 months infant attends to objects and adults at the same time thru games, conversations) 5) Simple Parallel Play (18-24 months, toddler plays independently with adults and peers nearby) 11 Uzgiris and Raeffs 3 types of infant-adult play 1) Interpersonal Play 2) Object Play 3) Symbolic Play 11 Interpersonal Play face-to-face interactions, social games, routines; peek-a-boo; imitaiton 11 Object Play parents are the audience and facilitators to infant playing with toy or object 11 Symbolic Play i.e. a block becomes a hammer, 1-2 years old infants will engage in joint episodes of symbolic play. Older kids will do it more independently 11 Earliest peer interactions infants notice other babies when? around 2 months 11 infant reaches toward other infants when? 3 months 11 infants vocalize and smile at other infants when? 6 months 11 Infants make physical contact when? around 1 year, exploring eyes, mouths, ears 11 Negative behaviors increase between what ages? between 1-2 years 11 By 2 years of age, toddler interactions are characterized by more: repetitive, reciprocal, cooperative patterns 11 Playmate preferences appear by: 18 months 11 By this age, most toddlers perfer same-sex peers as playmates 2 years 11 Between these ages, toddler find amusement in forbidden behaviors and share in laughter of others in challenge to adult authority: ages 14-24 months 11 moral development internalizing the rules and principles of human behavior 11 the moral dilemma experiment involving a hurt peer and bandages on a forbidden shelf showed: most children struggled with the dilemma but found a way to achieve a positive outcome 11 Prosocial behaviors, examples positive, socially desirable activities; ie. sharing, nuturing, helping, cooperation 11 Sharing behavior begins around age 1 (and declines afterwards, becoming more individualized 11 Children become more obedient between ages 1-3 years 11 by this age, most toddlers have adopted much of their cultures sex-typed division of activities and attributes by age 3 12 socialization of emotions infants emotions are influenced by the responses of parents and other caregivers 12 Mothers give a greater variety of emotional responses to (boys or girls?) girls 12 at what age to infants display anger? 4-7 months 12 at what age do infants display fear/wariness? 4-9 months 12 at what age do infants display rage? 7-18 months 12 display affection/love? 18-36 months 12 display empathy/symapthy? 18-36 months 12 display embarrassment? 24-36 months 12 display guilt, pride, shame? 24-36 months 12 when does stranger anxiety peak? 12 months 12 stranger anxiety declines after 1 year, then peaks again between ages: 18-24 months 12 separation anxiety begins at†¦ and peaks at†¦ begins at 8-9 months, peaks at 12 months 12 empathy may also correspond with infants achievement of: self-recognition (concept of self and others) 12 social referencing baby looks to adult to decide how to react in uncertain situations if mom smiles at a strange toy, baby is more willing to explore the toy 12 at this age, most babies can point to pictures of happy and sad faces by age 2 12 securely attached def and percentage? 66 % explored while mother was there, reacted positively to stranger, distressed when mother left, was easily comforted and resumed play when mom returned 12 avoidant attachment 12 % did not protest when separated from mother, avoided or ignored mother when she came back 12 ambivalent attachment 22 % very upset when mothers left room, ran to mothers when reunited, but was clinging and resistant (kicking and pushing away) 12 disorganized-disoriented attachment screaming for parent upon separation, moving silently away when parent returns, freezing all movement, approaching parent with head averted, stereotypies like rocking on hands and knees (their mothers often have early psychological trauma and loss) 13 Effects of divorce on children under age 2: less basic trust, more guilt and shame, less industry, more feelings of inferiority; more behavior problems in preschool 13 Effects of Father absence children score lower on cognitive tests, educational achievement is negatively affected 13 Percentages of children cared for by: parent, relative, daycare, non-relative family childcare parent 27%, relative 27%, daycare 22%, non-relative family childcare 17% 13 Six characteristics of home environment likely to foster early development: 1) Emotional and verbal responsivity of mother 2) Avoidance of restriction and punishment 3) Organization of physical env. And schedule 4) Provisions of appropriate play materials 5) Maternal involvement with child 6) Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation 13 Four types of discipline that result in Negative Outcomes: 1) inconsistent discipline 2) irritable, explosive discipline 3) low supervision and involvement 4) inflexible, rigid discipline 13 If punishment is necessary, it should be: brief and clearly linked to what the child has done

Joint Terrorism Task Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Joint Terrorism Task Force - Essay Example Before 911 the United States had 35 formal joint terrorism task forces. Immediately following the attacks the FBI director instructed all field offices to establish these task forces. Task forces are staffed with a supervisory special agent and the staff generally consists of those with experience in domestic and international terrorism. These are combined with state and local law enforcements officials who are trained in a variety of skills and abilities which are useful in situations that threaten the security of an area, citizen, or the United States. Coordinators have experience in counterterrorism measures and are able to manage administrative tasks effectively. They manage budgets, acquisition of needed supplies or manpower, hey will also schedule surveillance coverage; these functions are assigned by the Supervisory Special Agent. Those special agents in charge within local field offices must harmonize and accommodate all law enforcement agencies that want to become involved in the counter terrorism efforts. Following 911 these agencies increased substantially and it is recognized that local agencies now play a critical part in maintaining homeland security (Casey, 2004). It was in 1979 that New York first used the idea of combining federal and local law enforcement resources in response to the overwhelming crime rate and the high percentage of crimes considered federal crimes committed in New York during a period of organized crimes days of glory. Bank robberies were also an influencing factor in this decision, being federal crimes occurring locally. The JTTF began with only 11 members form the New York Police Department and 11 FBI investigators (Robert, 1999). The success of the JTTF concept is the combination of personnel with a variety of backgrounds, skills, and abilities, the public’s perceptions and the actual functions of the JTTF were changed drastically after the initial World Trade Center bombing which